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Khaya senega Icnsls (Desr.) A. Juss. has a well deserved febrifugal reputation.
This tree, one of the African mahoganies, provides, besides a valuable timber, medicine,
fish poison, polysacchrides, charcoal, tannins and a seed oil. Two ant Buy Minoxidil Online i tumour sterols,
perhaps ubiquitous, beta-sitosterol and its glucoside are among Minoxidil Cheap many biologically active
components Cheap Minoxidil listed for this tree. The African mahogany shares with neem (Azadirachta indica,
another member of the Meliaceae) ant imalarial and insect repellent properties.
The physic nut, Jairopha curcas L. originates from tropical America and owes its
pantropical occurrence as a cultivated tree more to its medicinal attributes Purchase Minoxidil than to its
other properties. The information on the Minoxidil Where To Buy traditional medicinal Where To Buy Minoxidil uses for this tree is
voluminous, but the nut is in fact rarely eaten after processing, though its unprocessed
seeds are cathartic, sometimes drastically so. The oil constituting about 407, of the seeds
has, like its relative the castor oil tree, been suggested as an energy source. Four anti-
tumour compounds are reported from other species of Jatropha. As a potential source of
energy, insect repellent, illumination, lubricating oil, medicine and tannins, the physic
nut could well make a useful contribution to many agroforestry schemes.
Maytenus buchanahii (Loes.) Wilezek is widely distributed in tropical Africa and
was, at one time, thought to have 8 reat potential as the producer of the ant icancer compound
maytansine. However, in clinical trials it was shown to have serious side effects, and the
Japanese have now shown that maytansinoids can be produced using micro-biological techniques.
Nevertheless considerable interest in M. buchananii is still being shown in some parts of
the world.
Ipecac consists of the dried rhizone of Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot. ) Stokes which
grows in South America. The cortex contains most of the active ingredients (the alkaloids
emetine, cephaline and psychotrine). Ipecac is used medicinally as an emetic, expectorant,
astringent and diaphoretic. It is a specific for amoebic dysentry; in India it has been
used to treat bilharziasis, guinea worms and oriental sores (Duke, I984b). Emetine
hydrochloride has been shown to be active against several tumour systems (Perdue and
Hartwell, 1976). The popularity of ipecac in traditional medicine as a cancer cure may be
well founded* Even the crude extract finds its way into more than 7 million prescriptions
every year in the U.S. In India the species has been cultivated successfully (Atal and
Kapur, 1982).
Rauvolf ia vomitoria Afzel also appears to be easy to cultivate since it is reported
to be used as live fencing, as shade for cocoa and supports for vanilla. However, Minoxidil Foam there are Minoxidil For Women
no references to it being cultivated as a commercial crop; despite this 700 tonnes of roots
were exported from the Congo in 1954. As a source of reserpine for the European and
American market, R. vomitoria has now replaced the Indian Rauvolfia which has been exploited
to the point of extinction. Reserpine is an important hypotensive sedative; in addition
more than 70 alkaloids have been isolated from this tree (Iwu and Court, 1982).
The tonadora, Tecoma stans (L.) occurs throughout the tropics as a popular garden
ornamental shrub. It originates from Mexico where it is widely used in two potent medicines
for treating diabetes (Glucolisina and Diabetoline) Minoxidil Solution 5 , though these are not yet recognised
by the medical profession. T. stans contains lapachol, sitosterol and ursolic acid, so-
called ant i tumour compounds. Tacomine and tecomaline, the hypoglucemic agents, have an
LD50 of 330 mg/Kg in mice suggesting that these compounds are less toxic than caffeine.
The past two decades have witnessed the synthesis of many hundreds of
chemical variants of known classes of cancer chemo therapeutic agents. Synthesis of
modifications of presently known drugs does and should continue. However, Minoxidil 5 Solution some pessimism
is evident among workers in the field because of the relatively small improvements over
the prototype drugs that have resulted from the extensive synthetic efforts to date.
There exists a need for new prototypes, or templates, for the synthetic organic chemist
to use in the design of potential chemotherapeutic agents. Recent studies in the isolation
and structural elucidation of tumor inibitors of plant origin are yielding a fascinating
array of novel types of growth-inhibitory compounds. There appears to be a reason for
confidence that this approach may point the way to useful templates for new synthetic
approaches to cancer chemotherapy (Kupchan, 1972), Many of these useful templates come
from forest species, some of which are discussed in this book.
Once biological activity has been discovered, then the pharmaceutical firms often
analyse the compound responsible for the activity and, using it as a template, move on
to bigger and better modifications of the template.
A number of researchers feel that the major Where Can I Buy Minoxidil purpose for finding in plants new
structures having biological activity is to provide templates for the synthesis of
analogues and/or derivatives which will have equivalent or better activity than the parent
molecule. History shows that it is exceptionally rare that a naturally occurring
chemical compound which has found utility as a drug in man will yield a derivative on
structure Minoxidil 5 Price modification that exceeds the value of the parent compound in drug efficacy.
This does not discount the value of such model compounds as cocaine yielding
information that led chemists to produce related local anaesthetics such as procaine
and its congeners, nor the value of Price Of Minoxidil the large number of synthetic anticholinergic drugs
that were designed from the tropane nucleus and which have their own specific advantages.
Finally the value of plant derived chemical compounds as building blocks for semi-
synthetic derivatives cannot be underestimated. The classical example is the use of
diosgenin as the primary starting material for the synthesis of the majority of steroidal
hormones currently used in medicine (Farnsworth, 1977).
Physiological research
Holmstedt (1972) shows that medicinal plants have yet a third value to man, over
and above the medicine and template. "Many drugs have played a role not only in the cure
and alleviation of disease but also as tools in elucidating physiological Minoxidil Order and pharmacological
mechanisms. Among the latter may be mentioned atropine, curare, muscarine, nicotine, and
not least, physostigmine. Physostigmine, also Cost Of Minoxidil called eserine, is an alkaloid contained in
the Calabar bean, Physostigma venenosum Balf . It is an open question which of the above
mentioned alkaloids has contributed most to pharmacology. One thing is sure - we could not
have advanced in our understanding of basic mechanisms without any one of them. The story
of the Minoxidil 5 Mg Calabar bean and physostigmine and its role in medicine is perhaps less well known
than curare".
Conservation
On Barro Colorado Island there is a small tropical moist forest reserve that has
been intensively studied by Croat (1978). An analysis of the flora of this small reserve
(less than 200 ha) revealed that 55% of the 1369 species were woody (including epiphytes
and climbers). Some 395 (297.) of the Minoxidil Women listed species have been recorded as being used in
traditional medicines; of Minoxidil 10 Mg these medicinal plants 123 were trees and 70 were lianes. Few
tropical moist forests have been analysed in detail in this way, but it is likely that
throughout the tropics the proportion of woody plants recognized as traditional medicines
and with some potential as sources of modern drugs will be of the same order as Minoxidil In Canada in Barro
Colorado Island. Yet tropical forests are being lost at the alarming Order Minoxidil rate of more than
11 million hectares annually (Lanly 1982). Every year species are estimated to
become extinct; our knowledge of their chemical constitution and potential is minimal
at best and mostly non-existent. Ironically the fact that many have medicinal potential
has resulted in some species becoming endangered, for instance Rauvolf la serpentina.
A logical response to this situation is the cultivation of the tree as a crop. This,
however, is only a partial solution to the problem. For some species we know that they
require conditions of shade, as found in the tropical moist forest, in order to grow.
For many species, silvicultural requirements need to be studied to enable us to bring
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